Medically known as sinusitis, is an inflammation or infection of the sinus cavities, which are hollow air-filled spaces located in the bones of the face around the nose.
Sinusitis is an inflammation or infection of the sinus cavities—air-filled spaces located behind the forehead, cheeks, and around the nose. When these spaces become blocked or irritated, mucus can build up, leading to discomfort and a range of respiratory symptoms. Sinus infections may be short-term (acute) or long-lasting (chronic).
Causes of Sinusitis
Sinus infections occur when the sinuses become inflamed or blocked, allowing germs to grow. Common causes include:
Viral Infections
- The most frequent cause, often following a cold or upper respiratory illness.
Bacterial Infections
- May develop when symptoms persist or worsen after several days of a viral infection.
Fungal Infections
- Less common, usually affecting individuals with weakened immune systems or chronic sinus problems.
Allergies
- Seasonal allergies or year-round triggers like dust and pet dander can inflame the nasal passages and block the sinuses.
Nasal Blockages
- Polyps, deviated septum, or swollen nasal tissues can prevent proper drainage.
Symptoms of a Sinus Infection
Signs and symptoms vary in severity, but commonly include:
- Nasal Congestion: Difficulty breathing through the nose due to blocked sinus passages.
- Facial Pressure or Pain: Discomfort around the cheeks, forehead, eyes, or bridge of the nose—often described as a “sinus headache.”
- Runny or Thick Discharge: Yellow or green mucus from the nose, or postnasal drip down the throat.
- Cough: Often worse at night due to mucus dripping into the throat.
- Sore Throat: Caused by irritation from postnasal drip.
- Reduced Smell or Taste: Sinus swelling can impair the senses.
- Fever: More likely with bacterial sinusitis.
- Fatigue: Feeling tired or run-down during infections.
Types and Duration
- Acute Sinusitis: Short-term, usually lasting less than four weeks; often tied to colds or viral infections.
- Chronic Sinusitis: Symptoms persist for 12 weeks or longer, often due to allergies, structural issues, or repeated infections.
Treatment and Management
Management depends on the cause and severity:
- Rest and hydration to support recovery.
- Nasal saline rinses to clear mucus and reduce irritation.
- Decongestants or nasal sprays to improve airflow.
- Antibiotics only if a bacterial infection is confirmed or strongly suspected.
- Pain relievers to ease facial pressure and headaches.
- Allergy treatments if allergies contribute to symptoms.
Seek medical advice if symptoms last longer than expected, are severe, or recur frequently, as chronic sinusitis may require specialized evaluation.
