Also known as oral candidiasis, is a fungal infection of the mouth and throat caused by an overgrowth of the yeast Candida.
Oral thrush, also called oral candidiasis, is a fungal infection of the mouth and throat caused by an overgrowth of Candida yeast. It can affect people of all ages, including infants, older adults, and individuals with underlying medical conditions. The infection commonly appears as creamy white or yellow patches on the tongue, inner cheeks, gums, and roof of the mouth.
Causes of Oral Thrush
Oral thrush develops when Candida, which normally exists in small amounts in the mouth, grows excessively. Several factors can increase the risk:
Weakened Immune System
Conditions such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, diabetes, or treatments like chemotherapy and steroid use can reduce the body’s ability to control fungal growth.
Antibiotic Use
Antibiotics can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in the mouth, allowing Candida to multiply.
Denture Use
Poorly fitting or inadequately cleaned dentures can trap moisture and create an ideal environment for fungal growth.
Dry Mouth (Xerostomia)
A lack of saliva—due to dehydration, certain medications, medical conditions, or mouth breathing—can increase susceptibility.
Smoking
Tobacco products irritate oral tissues and weaken local immune defenses.
Symptoms of Oral Thrush
Symptoms can range from mild to severe and may include:
- White or Yellow Patches: Soft, creamy plaques on the tongue, inner cheeks, gums, or throat that may be wiped off to reveal red, irritated skin.
- Soreness or Burning: Pain or a burning sensation in the mouth or throat.
- Loss of Taste: Reduced or altered taste perception.
- Difficulty Swallowing: More severe infections may cause pain when eating or swallowing.
- Cracked Corners of the Mouth: Also known as angular cheilitis, causing redness and fissures at the mouth corners.
In Infants:
Babies with oral thrush may become fussy, have difficulty feeding, and show white patches in the mouth. Breastfeeding mothers may experience nipple pain if the infection is passed back and forth.
Management and Treatment
Oral thrush is usually treated with antifungal medications, such as oral gels, lozenges, or mouth rinses. In more persistent cases, oral tablets may be prescribed.
Additional supportive measures include:
- Practising good oral hygiene
- Cleaning and correctly fitting dentures
- Staying hydrated
- Reducing sugar intake, which can encourage yeast growth
Anyone experiencing persistent symptoms should seek medical advice for proper diagnosis and treatment.
