Also known as onychomycosis, is a common condition that occurs when fungi, such as dermatophytes, yeast, or molds, invade the nails.
A nail fungal infection, also known as onychomycosis, is a common condition in which fungi invade and grow within the fingernails or toenails. Although both types of nails can be affected, toenail infections are far more frequent due to the warm, moist environment created by socks and shoes. These infections typically develop gradually and can lead to noticeable changes in the nail’s appearance, texture, and overall health.
What Causes Nail Fungal Infections?
Nail fungal infections occur when fungi penetrate the nail or the surrounding skin. Contributing factors include:
Environmental Exposure
- Fungi thrive in damp, humid locations
- Contact with contaminated surfaces such as communal showers, locker rooms, and swimming pools increases risk
Nail Trauma
- Repeated minor injuries or a single significant blow to the nail can create openings that allow fungi to enter
- Tight footwear that pressures the nails can also contribute
Poor Foot or Nail Hygiene
- Improper trimming, infrequent washing, or failure to fully dry the feet can promote fungal growth
Warm, Moist Conditions
- Feet confined in non-breathable shoes
- Excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis)
Weakened Immune System
- People with chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, or those taking immune suppressing medications, have a higher risk
- Aging can also reduce nail health, making infections more likely
Symptoms of Nail Fungal Infection
Nail fungus often starts subtly but can progress over time. Common symptoms include:
- Nail Thickening Infected nails tend to become dense, hard, and difficult to trim.
- Discoloration Nails may turn yellow, brown, white, or appear mottled.
- Brittle or Crumbly Nails The nail surface may flake, chip, or break easily.
- Distorted Nail Shape Grooves, ridges, or irregular nail growth patterns may develop.
- Nail Lifting (Onycholysis) The nail may partially detach from the nail bed, creating a gap underneath.
- Pain or Tenderness Some infections become painful, especially when pressure is applied.
- Foul Odor Advanced infections may produce an unpleasant smell.
Treatment and Management
Nail fungal infections are slow-growing and can persist without treatment. Options include:
- Over-the-counter antifungal creams or solutions for mild infections
- Prescription oral or topical medications for moderate to severe cases
- Laser therapy or nail debridement, performed by healthcare professionals
- Keeping nails clean, dry, and trimmed to prevent worsening
Timely treatment is important, as untreated infections can spread to other nails or the surrounding skin and may increase the risk of secondary bacterial infections.
