A neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, severe headaches often accompanied by other symptoms.
A migraine is a neurological condition marked by recurring episodes of severe, often pulsating headaches that can significantly disrupt daily activities. These attacks frequently involve additional symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and heightened sensitivity to light or sound. Migraine episodes may last anywhere from several hours to several days and can vary widely in intensity from person to person.
What Is a Migraine?
Migraines are more than typical headaches—they involve changes in brain activity, blood flow, and nerve signaling. They commonly cause intense, throbbing pain on one side of the head, though some people may feel discomfort on both sides. Migraines may occur occasionally or frequently, depending on individual susceptibility.
Causes and Contributing Factors
While the exact cause of migraines remains unclear, research suggests a combination of genetic, neurological, and environmental influences. Common triggers and risk factors include:
Genetics
- Migraines often run in families, indicating a hereditary component.
Neurological Activity
- Alterations in brain chemicals and blood vessel behavior may lead to migraine symptoms.
- During an attack, blood vessels may constrict and then widen, contributing to the characteristic throbbing pain.
Hormonal Changes
- Many women experience migraines linked to menstrual cycles, pregnancy, or hormonal medication due to fluctuating estrogen levels.
Lifestyle and Environmental Triggers
- Certain foods, such as aged cheeses, processed meats, chocolate, and foods containing MSG
- Alcohol and caffeine
- Stress, emotional tension, or sudden relaxation after stress
- Lack of sleep, oversleeping, or irregular sleep patterns
- Bright lights, strong smells, loud noises, or sudden weather changes
Physical Factors
- Intense exercise, fatigue, or physical exertion can provoke migraines in susceptible individuals.
Medications
- Drugs such as oral contraceptives or vasodilators may trigger migraines for some people.
Symptoms of Migraine
Migraine symptoms can be disabling and may come in phases. Common symptoms include:
- Severe, throbbing headache, often on one side of the head
- Nausea or vomiting
- Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
- Sensitivity to sound (phonophobia)
- Sensitivity to smells, in some cases
- Visual disturbances (aura) in some individuals, which may include:
- Flashing lights
- Zigzag patterns
- Blind spots or temporary vision loss
- Tingling or numbness in the face, hands, or limbs
- Difficulty speaking or temporary confusion (rare)
Migraines are typically categorized as migraine with aura or migraine without aura. Managing migraines often involves identifying triggers, adjusting lifestyle habits, and using medications to relieve or prevent attacks. Individuals with frequent or severe migraines should consult a healthcare provider to develop an individualized treatment plan.
