Also known as penile thrush or genital candidiasis, is a fungal infection that affects the male genital area, primarily the penis.
Male thrush, also called penile thrush or genital candidiasis, is a fungal infection that affects the male genital region, most commonly the head of the penis (glans). It occurs when the yeast Candida—most often Candida albicans—multiplies beyond normal levels. While thrush is more frequently seen in women, men can also develop the condition. It is not formally classified as a sexually transmitted infection (STI), but it can pass between sexual partners.
What Causes Male Thrush?
Thrush develops when the natural balance of microorganisms on the skin becomes disrupted, allowing yeast to overgrow. Contributing factors include:
Sexual Transmission
- Though not considered a true STI, thrush can be shared between partners, especially through unprotected sexual contact when one partner has an active yeast infection (oral or genital).
Weakened Immune System
- Men with conditions such as HIV, diabetes, or those taking immune-suppressing medications are at higher risk, as their bodies have more difficulty controlling yeast levels.
Antibiotic Use
- Antibiotics can reduce beneficial bacteria that help regulate yeast growth, creating an environment in which Candida can thrive.
Poor Hygiene
- Not cleaning the genital area adequately—especially under the foreskin—can allow moisture and yeast to build up, increasing infection risk.
Underlying Health Conditions
- Obesity, frequent sweating, or skin folds can trap moisture, encouraging fungal growth.
Symptoms of Male Thrush
Symptoms may vary from mild irritation to significant discomfort. Some men may have no noticeable symptoms at all. Common signs include:
- Itching and irritation on the penis, especially around the glans
- Redness and swelling of the glans and/or foreskin
- Balanitis, an inflammation of the glans that is frequently associated with thrush
- Burning or stinging sensation, particularly when urinating or during sex
- Thick, white discharge, sometimes resembling cottage cheese
- A moist or shiny appearance of the affected skin
- Foul odor in some cases
Treatment and Management
Treatment typically includes:
- Topical antifungal creams, often applied for 1–2 weeks
- Oral antifungal tablets for more persistent or severe infections
- Improved genital hygiene, such as gently washing and thoroughly drying the area
- Treating both partners if thrush frequently recurs after sexual contact
It is important to complete all prescribed medication, even if symptoms improve early. Addressing underlying conditions—such as uncontrolled diabetes—can also reduce the likelihood of recurrence.
When to Seek Medical Advice
Consult a healthcare professional if:
- Symptoms persist despite over-the-counter treatment
- You experience recurrent infections
- There are signs of severe inflammation or difficulty retracting the foreskin
- You have risk factors such as diabetes or immune-related conditions
Early treatment helps prevent complications and reduces discomfort.
