Or allergic rhinitis, is an allergic response to allergens in the environment, typically pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds.
Hay fever, medically known as allergic rhinitis, is an allergic reaction that occurs when the immune system becomes overly sensitive to allergens in the environment. These allergens—such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander—trigger inflammation in the nasal passages and can cause a wide range of respiratory and eye-related symptoms.
Types of Hay Fever
Hay fever can be categorized into two main forms:
- Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis Triggered by outdoor allergens like tree, grass, or weed pollen. Symptoms typically worsen during specific seasons—spring, summer, or autumn—depending on local pollen cycles.
- Perennial Allergic Rhinitis Occurs year-round and is usually caused by indoor allergens such as dust mites, mold spores, pet dander, or cockroach debris.
What Causes Hay Fever?
Hay fever develops when the immune system mistakenly identifies a harmless substance as a threat. In response, the body produces chemicals—particularly histamine—that cause inflammation and irritation in the nose, eyes, and throat. Common triggers include:
Pollen
Released by trees, grasses, and weeds at different times of the year. Even small amounts can provoke symptoms in sensitive individuals.
Indoor Allergens
Dust mites, mold, animal dander, and other indoor particles can trigger symptoms throughout the year.
Environmental Irritants
Cigarette smoke, perfumes, cleaning products, and air pollution may worsen existing symptoms.
Family History
People with parents or close relatives who have allergies, asthma, or eczema are more likely to develop hay fever.
Sensitization
Repeated exposure to allergens over time can increase the likelihood of developing allergic reactions.
Symptoms of Hay Fever
Symptoms vary in intensity and may affect the nose, eyes, throat, and lungs. Common signs include:
- Frequent sneezing
- Runny or blocked nose
- Itchy, watery, or red eyes
- Itchy nose, ears, or throat
- Dry or persistent cough
- Fatigue or reduced energy
- Difficulty smelling or tasting
- Headaches due to sinus pressure
- Sore or scratchy throat
- Wheezing or shortness of breath, especially in individuals with asthma
These symptoms may interfere with sleep, concentration, and daily functioning, particularly during peak allergen seasons.
Managing Hay Fever
Symptoms can often be controlled with a combination of lifestyle measures and medications:
- Avoid exposure to known allergens
- Use antihistamines, decongestants, or nasal steroid sprays
- Rinse nasal passages with saline to remove allergens
- Consider allergen immunotherapy (allergy shots or tablets) for long-term relief
- Monitor pollen levels and keep windows closed during high-count days
If symptoms persist or significantly impact daily life, consulting a healthcare provider can help clarify the diagnosis and develop an effective treatment plan.
