One of the most common types of sexually transmitted infections.
Genital warts are a very common sexually transmitted infection caused by certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). They appear as small growths or bumps on the genital or anal area, though many people infected with HPV have no noticeable signs at all. Despite the absence of visible warts, the virus can still be transmitted.
How Genital Warts Spread
HPV is spread through direct skin-to-skin contact, most commonly during:
- Vaginal intercourse
- Anal sex
- Oral sex
- Genital-to-genital contact (without penetration)
- Hand-to-genital contact
It is important to note that HPV cannot be spread by touching objects such as toilet seats or linens. Because many people carry HPV without symptoms, anyone who is sexually active may be a potential source of infection. Genital warts may appear weeks, months, or even years after exposure, making it difficult to identify when the infection was acquired.
Where Genital Warts Appear
Genital warts can develop on various parts of the genital and anal region in both men and women. They may be found on:
- Women:
- Vulva
- Vagina
- Cervix
- Perineal area (between genitals and anus)
- Anal canal
- Men:
- Penis (tip, shaft, or base)
- Scrotum
- Anus
- Oral Regions (in any gender):
- Mouth
- Throat (after oral sex with an infected partner)
Symptoms of Genital Warts
Genital warts may be very small and difficult to notice, but common features include:
- Small raised bumps that may match skin color or appear slightly darker
- Clustered growths resembling cauliflower when several warts group together
- Itching or discomfort in the affected area
- Bleeding during intercourse, especially if warts are irritated
- Flat or nearly invisible lesions, particularly in early infection
In people with weakened immune systems, warts can grow larger or appear in extensive clusters, although this is rare.
Important Notes About Transmission and Treatment
Even when warts are treated or removed, the underlying HPV infection may remain in the body. This means:
- The virus can still be transmitted, even without visible warts
- Reducing the number of partners and using barrier protection can lower—but not eliminate—the risk
- HPV vaccination can help prevent the types of HPV that cause genital warts and several forms of cancer
Seeking Medical Care
A healthcare provider can diagnose genital warts through examination and recommend treatment options such as topical medications, cryotherapy (freezing), or surgical removal. Treatment helps manage symptoms and appearance but does not cure HPV. Regular checkups and open communication with sexual partners are important in managing the condition.
