A common sexually transmitted infection (STI). The herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes genital herpes.
Genital herpes is a widespread sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). The infection can be passed from one person to another through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Once a person becomes infected, the virus remains in the body permanently and can reactivate periodically.
What Causes Genital Herpes?
Two types of herpes simplex virus can lead to genital herpes:
- HSV-2: The most common cause of genital outbreaks.
- HSV-1: Usually associated with oral cold sores but can also infect the genital area through oral–genital contact.
A key feature of HSV is that it can be transmitted even when a person has no visible sores, a stage known as asymptomatic viral shedding.
How Genital Herpes Spreads
HSV spreads through direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected area. Transmission can occur through:
- Sexual intercourse (vaginal or anal)
- Oral sex (particularly if the partner has oral herpes)
- Contact with genital or oral secretions
- Touching sores and then touching another area of the body
Using condoms reduces risk but does not completely eliminate it, as HSV can infect areas not covered by condoms.
Symptoms of Genital Herpes
Many individuals with HSV infection are unaware they have it because symptoms can be absent, subtle, or mistaken for other skin conditions. When symptoms do appear, they often develop 2 to 12 days after exposure. Common signs include:
- Pain, burning, or itching in the genital region
- Small blisters or bumps around the genitals, anus, or mouth
- Painful open sores or ulcers that form when the blisters break
- Crusting or scabbing as the sores begin to heal
- Pain during urination, especially if urine contacts the sores
- Vaginal discharge in women
- Urethral discharge in men
First Outbreak Symptoms
The first episode of genital herpes tends to be more severe and may be accompanied by flu-like symptoms such as:
- Fever
- Headache
- Body aches or fatigue
- Swollen lymph nodes in the groin
When to Seek Medical Help
Anyone who suspects they have genital herpes should see a healthcare provider for diagnosis and proper guidance. While there is no cure for HSV, antiviral medications can:
- Reduce the severity and duration of outbreaks
- Lower the frequency of recurrences
- Decrease the risk of passing the infection to partners
Open conversations with partners and the use of barrier protection can help reduce the spread of the virus.
Genital Herpes
Appointment Details
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