Also known as varicella, is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV).
Chickenpox, medically known as varicella, is a highly contagious viral illness caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Although most commonly seen in children, the infection can affect people of any age who have not previously had chickenpox or received the varicella vaccine.
What Causes Chickenpox?
Chickenpox is triggered by the varicella-zoster virus, part of the herpesvirus family. Because it spreads very easily, outbreaks can occur quickly—especially in households, schools, or other close-contact environments. The virus spreads through:
- Respiratory droplets released when an infected person talks, coughs, or sneezes
- Direct contact with the fluid inside chickenpox blisters
- Touching contaminated surfaces, then touching the face, nose, or mouth
Once exposed, it typically takes 10 to 21 days before symptoms appear.
Common Symptoms of Chickenpox
The illness often begins with mild, flu-like symptoms before the characteristic rash develops. Typical signs include:
- Rash and Itchy Blisters The classic chickenpox rash starts as small red bumps, which evolve into clear, fluid-filled blisters. These may be extremely itchy. Over time, the blisters break open and form scabs.
- Fever A low- to moderate-grade fever often appears right before or at the same time as the rash.
- Fatigue and Malaise Individuals may feel unusually tired or weak as the infection progresses.
- Headache Many people experience headaches, which may vary in intensity.
- Sore Throat or Mild Respiratory Symptoms Some develop a sore throat, congestion, or a mild cough.
- Reduced Appetite A temporary loss of appetite is particularly common among children.
- Muscle Aches Generalized aches and pains can accompany the early stages of infection.
- Swollen Lymph Nodes Lymph nodes may enlarge as the immune system responds to the virus.
Course of the Illness
Chickenpox generally resolves on its own within one to two weeks. As the blisters scab over, they eventually fall off, and the skin heals. Most cases are mild, especially in children. However, adults and people with weakened immune systems are at greater risk for complications such as:
- Bacterial skin infections
- Pneumonia
- Encephalitis (brain inflammation)
Prevention and Care
Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent chickenpox and has greatly reduced the number of cases worldwide. People with active infection should stay isolated until all blisters have crusted to avoid spreading the virus. If you or your child develops symptoms, it is advisable to seek medical guidance to ensure appropriate care and monitoring.
