A common skin condition that primarily affects the hair follicles and oil glands in the skin.
Acne is a widespread skin issue that arises when hair follicles and the skin’s oil-producing glands become irritated or blocked. It most often shows up on areas rich in oil glands—such as the face, shoulders, chest, upper back, and neck—though it can affect almost any part of the body. The condition can range from mild to severe and may include several types of blemishes, including:
- Whiteheads and blackheads (comedones)
- Inflamed bumps or pustules
- Painful cysts or deep nodules in more advanced cases
What Leads to Acne?
Acne develops through a combination of internal and external factors. These influences differ among individuals, but the most common contributors include:
Overactive Oil Glands
The skin naturally produces an oily substance called sebum. When the sebaceous glands create more sebum than the skin needs, the excess can build up inside the pores. This accumulation forms an ideal environment for acne to begin.
Blocked Follicles
Dead skin cells regularly shed from the skin’s surface. When they mix with trapped sebum inside the pores, a blockage can occur. This results in the formation of blackheads (open comedones) or whiteheads (closed comedones) depending on whether the pore remains open or sealed.
Bacterial Overgrowth
A common skin bacterium, Cutibacterium acnes (formerly known as Propionibacterium acnes), can multiply inside clogged pores. As it grows, it triggers inflammation, giving rise to red, swollen pimples or deeper, painful lesions.
Hormonal Shifts
Changes in hormone levels are a major driver of acne flare-ups. These fluctuations may occur during puberty, around menstrual cycles, during pregnancy, or in conditions that affect the endocrine system. Elevated hormone levels can stimulate oil production, increasing the likelihood of breakouts.
Genetic Influence
A person’s tendency to develop acne can be inherited. Individuals with a close family member who experienced significant acne are more prone to developing it themselves.
Dietary Factors
While research continues to explore the link between food and acne, some people notice their symptoms worsen with certain eating habits. Foods with a high glycemic index, excessive sugar intake, and sometimes dairy products may contribute to flare-ups in susceptible individuals.
